中国神经再生研究(英文版)

中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2025, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (6): 1665-1680.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01848

• 综述:脊髓损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

治疗脊髓损伤的纳米粒子

  

  • 出版日期:2025-06-15 发布日期:2024-11-11

Nanoparticles for the treatment of spinal cord injury

Qiwei Yang1, 2, #, Di Lu1, 2, #, Jiuping Wu1 , Fuming Liang2, 3, 4, Huayi Wang2, 3, Junjie Yang1 , Ganggang Zhang1 , Chen Wang2, 3 , Yanlian Yang2, 3, *, Ling Zhu2, 3, *, Xinzhi Sun1, *   

  1. 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China;  2 CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China;  3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;  4 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
  • Online:2025-06-15 Published:2024-11-11
  • Contact: Xinzhi Sun, MD, sunxinzhi2023@163.com; Ling Zhu, PhD, zhul@nanoctr.cn; Yanlian Yang, PhD, yangyl@nanoctr.cn.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by the Key Research Projects of Universities of Henan Province, No. 21A320064 (to XS); the National Key Research and Development Program of China, No. 2021YFA1201504 (to LZ), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science, No. XDB36000000 (to CW), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Nos. 31971295, 12374406 (both to LZ).

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摘要：

脊髓损伤会导致运动、感觉和自主神经功能的严重丧失。脊髓损伤修复一直是神经再生领域的难题。脊髓损伤治疗进展缓慢，部分原因是药物难以在脊髓损伤部位达到有效的治疗浓度。与传统药物相比，纳米颗粒在靶向给药、生物相容性和生物利用度方面具有优势，在脊髓损伤治疗中受到越来越多的关注。这篇综述系统地讨论了现有脊髓损伤疗法的机制和不足，以及基于纳米粒子的脊髓损伤治疗方法的优势和发展情况。纳米颗粒治疗脊髓损伤的给药途径包括局部注射、静脉注射、口服给药和局部植入生物材料；给药策略包括单独给药、加载药物、表面改性和通过水凝胶加载。纳米颗粒对脊髓损伤的治疗机制主要包括降低氧化应激、抑制炎症反应、促进神经再生和血管生成。目前应用于脊髓损伤治疗中的纳米粒子包括金属纳米粒子、聚合物纳米粒子、蛋白质纳米粒子、无机非金属纳米粒子和脂质纳米粒子。基于纳米粒子的脊髓损伤疗法在临床应用中面临一些挑战，包括生物安全性、人体有效性、精确剂量控制、生产和表征标准化、人体免疫原性和体内靶向性等，未来需要解决生物安全性问题、统一生产和表征标准、推进人体实验等问题。总之，纳米粒子在脊髓损伤的靶向给药和增强治疗效果方面取得了重大进展，基于纳米粒子的脊髓损伤疗法在实际临床应用和药物开发方面具有巨大潜力。

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1309-093X (Xinzhi Sun); https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3818-6093 (Ling Zhu); https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-7672 (Yanlian Yang)

关键词:

"> 抗氧化剂, 轴突再生, 生物相容性材料, 药物载体, 纳米颗粒, 神经再生, 神经炎症性疾病, 神经保护, 脊髓损伤, 干细胞

Abstract: Spinal cord injuries lead to significant loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, presenting major challenges in neural regeneration. Achieving effective therapeutic concentrations at injury sites has been a slow process, partly due to the difficulty of delivering drugs effectively. Nanoparticles, with their targeted delivery capabilities, biocompatibility, and enhanced bioavailability over conventional drugs, are garnering attention for spinal cord injury treatment. This review explores the current mechanisms and shortcomings of existing treatments, highlighting the benefits and progress of nanoparticle-based approaches. We detail nanoparticle delivery methods for spinal cord injury, including local and intravenous injections, oral delivery, and biomaterial-assisted implantation, alongside strategies such as drug loading and surface modification. The discussion extends to how nanoparticles aid in reducing oxidative stress, dampening inflammation, fostering neural regeneration, and promoting angiogenesis. We summarize the use of various types of nanoparticles for treating spinal cord injuries, including metallic, polymeric, protein-based, inorganic non-metallic, and lipid nanoparticles. We also discuss the challenges faced, such as biosafety, effectiveness in humans, precise dosage control, standardization of production and characterization, immune responses, and targeted delivery in vivo. Additionally, we explore future directions, such as improving biosafety, standardizing manufacturing and characterization processes, and advancing human trials. Nanoparticles have shown considerable progress in targeted delivery and enhancing treatment efficacy for spinal cord injuries, presenting significant potential for clinical use and drug development.

Key words: antioxidants, axon regeneration, biocompatible materials, drug carriers, nanoparticles, nerve regeneration, neuroinflammatory diseases, neuroprotection, spinal cord injury, stem cells