中国神经再生研究(英文版)

中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2026, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (7): 2716-2741.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-25-00002

• 综述:退行性病与再生 • 上一篇    

微小RNA与阿尔茨海默病：一种潜在的诊断生物标志物和治疗靶点

  

  • 出版日期:2026-07-15 发布日期:2025-10-17

MicroRNA and Alzheimer’s disease: Diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets

Yiwen Huang3, #, Yimin Chen4, #, Zhengyang He1 , Wenfeng Lu1 , Hejin Lai5, *, Yu Wang6, *, Jie Wang1, 2, *   

  1. 1 Department of Chinese Medicine & Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China;  2 Department of Chinese Medicine & Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China;  3 Endocrinology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China;  4 Department of College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China;  5 CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China;  6 Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
  • Online:2026-07-15 Published:2025-10-17
  • Contact: Jie Wang, MD, wang.jie@zsgmc.sh.cn; Yu Wang, MD, yummy0326@163.com; Hejin Lai, PhD, hjlai@sinh.ac.cn.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82405067 (to YW).

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摘要：

微小RNA(miRNA)，即长度为19-25个核苷酸的小型非编码RNA，主要通过抑制靶mRNA的翻译对基因表达进行重要的调控。最近有研究表明，miRNA在调节阿尔茨海默病病理方面发挥着重要的作用，包括调节和积累Aβ和tau蛋白。此外，miRNA还通过多种炎症通路，尤其是NF-κB信号通路，调节神经炎症。进一步研究表明，miRNA能够调节突触的生长和成熟，并在调节神经元死亡和发育方面发挥着重要的作用。miRNA还通过直接重编程调节神经元，成为一种潜在的阿尔茨海默病治疗策略。miRNA的生物合成调控及其转录后修饰也是阿尔茨海默病病理改变的关键因素，影响疾病进展。此次综述旨在全面探索不同种类miRNA调控阿尔茨海默病相关病理过程中的作用，并重点介绍了4种具有代表性的miRNA。进而讨论了miRNA生物合成对阿尔茨海默病的影响，关注miRNA修饰失调导致疾病的可能。此外还介绍了miRNA作为阿尔茨海默病诊断生物标志物和治疗靶点的潜力，以及旨在改善临床疗效的有前景的载体递送策略。最后讨论了miRNA在阿尔茨海默病诊断和治疗应用中面临的挑战和局限性。文章揭示miRNA可作为阿尔茨海默病生物标志物和治疗药物，并为这一领域的未来研究和发展提供参考。

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9860-1650 (Yiwen Huang); https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1615-5391 (Yimin Chen); 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7060-7938 (Zhengyang He); https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1379-2070 (Wenfeng Lu); 

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9036-872X (Hejin Lai); https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2481-0900 (Yu Wang); 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9097-7864 (Jie Wang)

关键词: 阿尔茨海默病, 微小RNA, 诊断生物标志物, Aβ, tau, 神经炎症, 神经胶质细胞, 突触, 神经元死亡, 治疗靶点

Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs ranging from 19 to 25 nucleotides in length, are key regulators of gene expression that function primarily by inhibiting the translation of target mRNAs. Recent studies have suggested that miRNAs play important roles in regulating key aspects in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease, including the modulation and accumulation of amyloid-beta and tau proteins. Moreover, miRNAs have been implicated in the regulation of neuroinflammation through various inflammatory pathways, notably the nuclear factor kappa B signaling cascade. Additional emerging evidence has shown that miRNAs regulate synaptic growth and maturation, and they perform promising roles in regulating neuronal death and development. miRNAs also offer a novel avenue for direct reprogramming of neurons, representing a promising strategy for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. The regulation of miRNA biogenesis and the post-transcriptional modifications of miRNAs are critical factors in Alzheimer’s disease pathology, influencing miRNA activity and disease progression. In this review, we comprehensively explore the role of different miRNAs in regulating various pathological processes associated with Alzheimer’s disease, focusing primarily on four representative miRNAs: miR-9, miR-29, miR-126, and miR-146a for further exploration. We also discuss the influence of miRNA biogenesis on Alzheimer’s disease, emphasizing how dysregulation of miRNA processing may contribute to the disease. Additionally, we highlight the potential of miRNAs as both diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in Alzheimer’s disease, along with promising vector delivery strategies aimed at improving clinical outcomes. Finally, we discuss the challenges and limitations associated with the use of miRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. By reviewing the current clinical applications of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic agents, we aim to provide insights that will inform future research and development in this promising field.

Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid-β, diagnostic biomarker, glial cells, microRNA, neuroinflammatory, neuronal death, synapses, tau protein, therapeutic targets