中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2026, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (9): 4012-4019.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-25-01770

• 原著:神经损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

鼻-脑轴:连接鼻腔与中枢神经系统的桥

  

  • 出版日期:2026-09-15 发布日期:2026-05-16

Nose–brain axis: A bridge from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system

Guohui Yang1, #, Dongdong Zhu1, #, Kaizhi Zhang2, *   

  1. 1Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; 
    2Department of Neurosurgery, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
  • Online:2026-09-15 Published:2026-05-16
  • Contact: Kaizhi Zhang, MD, zhangkz@jlu.edu.cn.

摘要:

-脑轴是连接鼻腔与中枢神经系统的直接通路。气味物质及病原体、炎症介质、药物等外源性物质可通过嗅神经、三叉神经及体液途径进入颅腔,实现从外周鼻腔至中枢神经系统的信号传递与物质交换。近年来,多模态可视化技术的进步实现了从分子到组织层面对鼻-脑轴的动态监测,为揭示其功能特性与病理变化提供了重要手段。基于鼻-脑轴的存在,鼻腔炎症可通过神经-免疫相互作用激活中枢小胶质细胞与星形胶质细胞,诱发神经炎症,从而促进中枢神经系统疾病的发生发展。此外,鼻-脑轴为中枢神经系统疾病治疗提供了独特途径。鼻腔给药可绕过血脑屏障,直接作用于中枢神经系统,提高颅内药物生物利用度并产生快速疗效,为治疗跨系统疾病提供了新思路。文章总结了鼻-脑轴的解剖通路、可视化监测技术及鼻腔炎症影响中枢神经系统的机制,并回顾了针对情绪障碍、偏头痛、帕金森病及阿尔茨海默病开展的鼻腔给药研究进展,旨在为探索鼻腔炎症影响中枢神经系统的机制及跨系统靶向治疗提供新策略。


https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2345-2539 (Kaizhi Zhang)

关键词: 鼻-脑轴, 鼻内给药, 中枢神经系统疾病, 鼻炎症, 神经免疫互作, 血脑屏障, 阿尔茨海默病, 帕金森病

Abstract: The nose–brain axis is a direct pathway linking the nasal cavity to the central nervous system. Odors, as well as exogenous substances such as pathogens, inflammatory mediators, and drugs, can enter the cranial cavity through pathways including the olfactory nerve, trigeminal nerve, and humoral routes, thereby enabling signal transmission and material exchange from the peripheral nasal cavity to the central nervous system. In recent years, advances in multimodal visualization technologies have made it possible to dynamically monitor the nose–brain axis from the molecular level to the tissue level, providing important means for revealing its functional characteristics and pathological changes. Owing to the existence of the nose–brain axis, nasal inflammation can, through neuro-immune interactions, activate central microglia and astrocytes and induce neuroinflammation, thus promoting the onset and progression of central nervous system diseases. In addition, the nose–brain axis offers a unique route for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Intranasal drug delivery can bypass the blood–brain barrier, act directly on the central nervous system, increase intracranial drug bioavailability, and produce rapid effects, providing new ideas for treating cross-system diseases. This review systematically summarizes the anatomical pathways of the nose–brain axis, visualization monitoring technologies, and mechanisms by which nasal inflammation affects the central nervous system. It also reviews advances in intranasal drug delivery for emotional disorders, migraine, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease, aiming to provide new strategies for studying the mechanisms by which nasal inflammation influences the central nervous system and for cross-system targeted therapy.

Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, blood?brain barrier, central nervous system diseases, intranasal drug delivery, nasal inflammation, neuroimmune interaction, nose?brain axis, Parkinson’s disease