中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2021, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (5): 1849-1863.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01266

• 综述:退行性病与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

退行性运动神经元疾病药物研发的新进展与新挑战

  

  • 出版日期:2026-05-15 发布日期:2025-08-21
  • 基金资助:
    得到了国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金、国家大学生创新创业训练计划及四川大学华西医院临床研究基金等项目的支持。

Latest progress and challenges in drug development for degenerative motor neuron diseases

Xiangjin Wen1, 2, Tianxiang Lan1, 2, Weiming Su1 , Bei Cao1 , Yi Wang3, *, Yongping Chen1, *   

  1. 1 Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China;  2 West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China;  3 Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
  • Online:2026-05-15 Published:2025-08-21
  • Contact: Yongping Chen, MD, yongping.chen@wchscu.edu.cn; Yi Wang, PhD, wangyi83@scu.edu.cn.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, No. 2022YFC2703101 (to YC); the National Natural Science Fundation of China, No. 82371422 (to YC); the National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students, No. 202310611408 (to XW); and the 1·3·5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence Clinical Research Fund, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 2023HXFH032 (to YC).

摘要:

运动神经元病是一种散发性或遗传性致命神经退行性疾病。它选择性地影响大脑和脊髓的上运动神经元和/或下运动神经元,根据受损部位的不同,起病缓慢,病程呈亚急性。主要类型包括肌萎缩侧索硬化、进行性肌萎缩、原发性侧索硬化和进行性球麻痹,其病理过程基本相同,主要区别在于病变部位不同。肌萎缩侧索硬化是这类疾病的代表,而其他类型则是其变种。因此,文章重点关注肌萎缩侧索硬化药物研究的进展和挑战,并简要讨论其他几种重要的退行性运动神经元病。虽然确切的发病机制仍然难以捉摸,但最近的研究进展已经揭示了各种理论,包括基因突变、兴奋性氨基酸毒性、自身免疫学和神经营养因子。值得注意的是,美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)已经批准了4类延缓肌萎缩侧索硬化病程进展的药物:利鲁唑、依达拉奉、AMX0035 和托福森。最近,Tofersen 成为第4种获得 FDA 批准用于治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化的药物。然而,由于 III 期试验未能取得良好结果,AMX0035 已自愿从美国和加拿大市场撤出。文章根据来自 clinicaltrials.gov 的数据,全面总结了主要在 2023 年 1 月 1 日至 2024 年 6 月 30 日期间完成的药物试验。在这些试验中,有 5 项试验目前处于 I 期试验阶段,17 项处于 II 期试验阶段,11 项正在进行 III 期评估。值得注意的是,有24项临床试验正在研究潜在的疾病改变疗法(DMT)药物,占所纳入药物的大多数。一些临床前研究中前景看好的药物(如 ATH-1105)也在分析之列,另外,前沿基因疗法和免疫疗法的总结也证明了它们对运动神经元病的治疗潜力。文章旨在概述与退行性运动神经元病药物相关的研究趋势和治疗前景,以期为临床治疗提供最新参考。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5603-4192 (Yongping Chen); https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4060-5736 (Yi Wang)

关键词: 肌萎缩侧索硬化, 临床试验, 变性运动神经元疾病, 疾病修饰疗法, 药物开发, 运动神经元疾病

Abstract: Motor neuron diseases are sporadic or inherited fatal neurodegenerative conditions. They selectively affect the upper and/or lower motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord and feature a slow onset and a subacute course contingent upon the site of damage. The main types include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive muscular atrophy, primary lateral sclerosis, and progressive bulbar palsy, the pathological processes of which are largely identical, with the main disparity lying in the location of the lesions. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is the representative condition in this group of diseases, while other types are its variants. Hence, this article mainly focuses on the advancements and challenges in drug research for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis but also briefly addresses several other important degenerative motor neuron diseases. Although the precise pathogenesis remains elusive, recent advancements have shed light on various theories, including gene mutation, excitatory amino acid toxicity, autoimmunology, and neurotrophic factors. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved four drugs for use in delaying the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: riluzole, edaravone, AMX0035, and tofersen, with the latter being the most recent to receive approval. However, following several phase III trials that failed to yield favorable outcomes, AMX0035 has been voluntarily withdrawn from both the US and Canadian markets. This article presents a comprehensive summary of drug trials primarily completed between January 1, 2023, and June 30, 2024, based on data sourced from clinicaltrials.gov. Among these trials, five are currently in phase I, seventeen are in phase II, and eleven are undergoing phase III evaluation. Notably, 24 clinical trials are now investigating potential disease-modifying therapy drugs, accounting for the majority of the drugs included in this review. Some promising drugs being investigated in preclinical studies, such as ATH-1105, are included in our analysis, and another review in frontiers in gene therapy and immunotherapy has demonstrated their therapeutic potential for motor neuron diseases. This article was written to be an overview of research trends and treatment prospects related to motor neuron disease drugs, with the aim of highlighting the latest potentialities for clinical therapy.

Key words: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, clinical trial, degenerative motor neuron diseases, disease modifying therapy, drug development, motor neuron disease