中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2025, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (7): 1829-1848.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00241

• 综述:脑损伤修复保护与再生 •    下一篇

小胶质细胞在蛛网膜下腔出血中损伤、预后过程中的关键作用

  

  • 出版日期:2025-07-15 发布日期:2024-11-25

The pivotal role of microglia in injury and the prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage

Wenjing Ning1 , Shi Lv1 , Qian Wang2 , Yuzhen Xu1, *   

  1. 1 Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China;  2 Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
  • Online:2025-07-15 Published:2024-11-25
  • Contact: Yuzhen Xu, MD, xuyuzhen@sdfmu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    The work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, No. ZR2022MH124 and the Youth Science Foundation of Shandong First Medical University, No. 202201–105 (both to YX).

摘要:

蛛网膜下腔出血血管痉挛、细胞凋亡、血脑屏障损伤、脑水肿和白质损伤等病理变化。小胶质细胞作为中枢神经系统中的一种重要的免疫细胞,具有维持神经环境平衡、支持神经元、介导细胞凋亡、参与免疫调节以及神经保护作用。越来越多的研究表明,小胶质细胞在蛛网膜下腔出血的发病机制中发挥着关键作用,可影响着蛛网膜下腔出血的损伤及预后,且在蛛网膜下腔出血恢复期也发挥着一定的的神经保护作用。一些旨在调节小胶质细胞功能的方法有望减轻蛛网膜下腔出血损伤,这为蛛网膜下腔出血的治疗提供新的靶点和思路。然而,对于小胶质细胞在蛛网膜下腔出血后作用仍缺乏深入而全面的总结。此次综述总结了蛛网膜下腔出血后小胶质细胞的激活以及在血管痉挛、神经炎症、神经元凋亡、血脑屏障破坏、脑水肿和脑白质病变等病理过程中的作用,还讨论了小胶质细胞在蛛网膜下腔出血恢复阶段的神经保护作用以及针对调节蛛网膜下腔出血后小胶质细胞功能的治疗进展。目前针对蛛网膜下腔出血中小胶质细胞主要有TLR抑制剂、NF-κB和STAT3通路抑制剂、甘氨酸/酪氨酸激酶、NLRP3信号通路抑制剂、Gasdermin D抑制剂、维甲酸受体α受体激动剂、铁死亡抑制剂、转基因技术、干细胞疗法、中医药,这些方法大部分尚处于实验室阶段,更多蛛网膜下腔出血的临床研究和数据仍需要被收集,这将为蛛网膜下腔出血治疗提供帮助。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1289-3438 (Yuzhen Xu)

关键词: 蛛网膜下腔出血, 小胶质细胞, 血管收缩, 神经元, 凋亡, 神经炎症, 血脑屏障, 脑水肿, 白质损伤, 神经保护

Abstract: Subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to a series of pathological changes, including vascular spasm, cellular apoptosis, blood–brain barrier damage, cerebral edema, and white matter injury. Microglia, which are the key immune cells in the central nervous system, maintain homeostasis in the neural environment, support neurons, mediate apoptosis, participate in immune regulation, and have neuroprotective effects. Increasing evidence has shown that microglia play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhage and affect the process of injury and the prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Moreover, microglia play certain neuroprotective roles in the recovery phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Several approaches aimed at modulating microglia function are believed to attenuate subarachnoid hemorrhage injury. This provides new targets and ideas for the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, an in-depth and comprehensive summary of the role of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage is still lacking. This review describes the activation of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage and their roles in the pathological processes of vasospasm, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, blood–brain barrier disruption, cerebral edema, and cerebral white matter lesions. It also discusses the neuroprotective roles of microglia during recovery from subarachnoid hemorrhage and therapeutic advances aimed at modulating microglial function after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Currently, microglia in subarachnoid hemorrhage are targeted with TLR inhibitors, nuclear factor-κB and STAT3 pathway inhibitors, glycine/tyrosine kinases, NLRP3 signaling pathway inhibitors, Gasdermin D inhibitors, vincristine receptor α receptor agonists, ferroptosis inhibitors, genetic modification techniques, stem cell therapies, and traditional Chinese medicine. However, most of these are still being evaluated at the laboratory stage. More clinical studies and data on subarachnoid hemorrhage are required to improve the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Key words: apoptosis, blood–brain barrier, brain edema,  microglia, neuroinflammation, neuron, neuroprotection, subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasoconstriction,  white matter injury