中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2026, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (6): 2295-2305.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00564

• 综述:脊髓损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

脊髓损伤中神经引导蛋白的调节作用

  

  • 出版日期:2026-06-15 发布日期:2025-09-17

Regulatory role of neuronal guidance proteins in spinal cord injury

Linyan Tang1, #, Zhi Song1, #, Jie Wang1 , Shenhua He2, *, Chao Liu2, *   

  1. 1 Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China;  2 Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
  • Online:2026-06-15 Published:2025-09-17
  • Contact: Shenhua He, MS, heshenghua99@163.com; Chao Liu, PhD, liuchao413812@gmail.com.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by Shenzhen University General Hospital Scientific Research Project, No. SUGH2019QD002; and Shenzhen Science and Technology Development Foundation, No. 20220810173216001 (both to ZS).

摘要:

脊髓损伤是一种严重的神经系统疾病。脊髓损伤后神经元再生和功能恢复仍然非常有限,尚无有效的方法改善脊髓损伤的预后。神经引导蛋白是在神经系统发育过程中引导轴突和树突生长的多种分子。越来越多的证据表明,神经引导蛋白对脊髓损伤有调节作用。此次综述简要介绍了神经系统形成过程中不同神经引导蛋白对神经元轴突生长的调节作用,重点介绍了神经引导蛋白对脊髓损伤后神经元再生和功能恢复的调节作用。其中神经引导蛋白包括但不限于信号蛋白(SEMA)及其受体丛蛋白、DCC和UNC5及其受体、Eph及其受体埃甫蛋白、Slit及其受体Robo、RGM及其受体neogenin、Wnt及其受体Frizzled和原粘附蛋白(Pcdh)。给予损伤部位Netrin-1可抑制成年脊髓损伤后运动轴突的再生,促进少突胶质细胞的生长。Slit2可促进大鼠受损脊髓中新突触的形成。EphA7是脊髓损伤后急性细胞凋亡的调节因子,可在脊髓损伤早期阶段起调节作用。EphrinA1可参与神经系统对损伤的反应,其表达减少可导致大鼠运动能力下降。EphA3在脊髓损伤后上调,其诱导的信号传导通路可促进了抑制轴突再生环境的形成。脊髓损伤后,ephrinB2和EphB2在星形胶质细胞和成纤维细胞中双向激活,最终促进形成星形胶质细胞-脑膜成纤维细胞瘢痕。EphB1/ephrinB1信号传导通路可通过调节神经元中的钙蛋白酶1和caspase-3介导脊髓损伤中的疼痛。脊髓损伤后白质中EphB3表达上调,后者可抑制脊髓损伤中的轴突再生。Sema3A由脊髓损伤周围瘢痕中的神经元和成纤维细胞表达,并抑制脊髓损伤后运动神经元和感觉神经的生长。Sema4D已被证明可以抑制脊髓损伤后神经元轴突的髓鞘形成和轴突再生。抑制Sema4D可显著改善脊髓损伤后的轴突再生和运动恢复。Sema7A参与脊髓损伤后胶质瘢痕的形成,可能影响脊髓损伤后血清素通道的重塑,从而影响运动协调。因此,神经引导蛋白局部或全身给药治疗脊髓损伤,具有潜在的临床应用价值。

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3427-1573 (Linyan Tang); https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9969-913X (Chao Liu)

关键词: 脊髓损伤, 神经引导蛋白, 神经元再生, Netrin-1, Slit, Eph, ephrin, Semaphorin, SEMA3A, SEMA4D

Abstract: Spinal cord injury is a severe neurological condition with limited neuronal regeneration and functional recovery. Currently, no effective treatments exist to improve spinal cord injury prognosis. Neuronal guidance proteins are a diverse group of molecules that play crucial roles in axon and dendrite growth during nervous system development. Increasing evidence highlights their regulatory functions in spinal cord injury. This review provides a brief overview of the modulation patterns of key neuronal guidance proteins in neuronal axon growth during nervous system formation and subsequently focuses on their roles in neuronal regeneration and functional recovery following spinal cord injury. Neuronal guidance proteins include, but are not limited to, semaphorins and their receptors, plexins; netrins and their receptors, deleted in colorectal cancer and UNC5; Eph receptors and their ligands, ephrins; Slit and its receptor, Robo; repulsive guidance molecules and their receptor, neogenin; Wnt proteins and their receptor, Frizzled; and protocadherins. Localized Netrin-1 at the injury site inhibits motor axon regeneration after adult spinal cord injury while promoting oligodendrocyte growth. Slit2 enhances synapse formation in the injured spinal cord of rats. EphA7 regulates acute apoptosis in the early pathophysiological stages of spinal cord injury, while ephrinA1 plays a role in the nervous system’s injury response, with its reduced expression leading to impaired motor function in rats. EphA3 is upregulated following spinal cord injury, promoting an inhibitory environment for axonal regeneration. After spinal cord injury, bidirectional activation of ephrinB2 and EphB2 in astrocytes and fibroblasts results in the formation of a dense astrocyte-meningeal fibroblast scar. EphB1/ephrinB1 signaling mediates pain processing in spinal cord injury by regulating calpain-1 and caspase-3 in neurons. EphB3 expression increases in white matter after spinal cord injury, further inhibiting axon regeneration. Sema3A, expressed by neurons and fibroblasts in the scar surrounding the injury, inhibits motor neuron and sensory nerve growth after spinal cord injury. Sema4D suppresses neuronal axon myelination and axon regeneration, while its inhibition significantly enhances axon regeneration and motor recovery. Sema7A is involved in glial scar formation and may influence serotonin channel remodeling, thereby affecting motor coordination. Given these findings, the local or systemic application of neuronal guidance proteins represents a promising avenue for spinal cord injury treatment.

Key words: Eph, ephrin, Netrin-1, neuronal guidance protein, neuronal regeneration, neuronal guidance protein, SEMA3A, SEMA4D, semaphorin, Slit, spinal cord injury