中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2026, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (2): 790-799.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01440

• 原著:退行性病与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

与淀粉样变性、溶酶体失稳和出血相关的病理性轴突肿大是阿尔茨海默病的重要病理变化

  

  • 出版日期:2026-02-15 发布日期:2025-05-24

Pathological axonal enlargement in connection with amyloidosis, lysosome destabilization, and bleeding is a major defect in Alzheimer’s disease

Hualin Fu1, 2, 3, *, Jilong Li1 , Chunlei Zhang1, 3, Guo Gao1, 3, Qiqi Ge2, 4, Xinping Guan4, 5, Daxiang Cui1, 3   

  1. 1 Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China;  2 Institute of Marine Equipment, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China;  3 National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China;  4 Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China;  5 The Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
  • Online:2026-02-15 Published:2025-05-24
  • Contact: Hualin Fu, PhD, hfu@sjtu.edu.cn or 1010720220@qq.com.
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81472235 (to HF); the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical and Engineering Project, Nos. YG2021QN53 (to HF), YG2017MS71 (to HF); the International Cooperation Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82020108017 (to DC); and the Innovation Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81921002 (to DC)

摘要:

阿尔茨海默病是一种多发性淀粉样变性疾病,患者脑血管、微动脉瘤和老年斑中可见Aβ沉积。但是Aβ沉积如何影响轴突病理变化尚不明确。此次实验采用免疫组化和免疫荧光染色分析分析了阿尔茨海默病患者前脑脑组织切片。可见,阿尔茨海默病患者脑组织中存在广泛的轴突淀粉样变性,并伴有明显的轴突增大。阿尔茨海默病患者脑组织中Aβ阳性轴突直径平均是对照组轴突的1.72倍。进一步研究发现,淀粉样化轴突还存在MAP2丢失、Tau磷酸化、弥散性溶酶体不稳定性以及存在出血性物质如ApoE,HBA,HbA1C和Hemin沉积等特征。溶酶体不稳定性在阿尔茨海默病组织神经细胞溶酶体中也清晰可见,富含Aβ的溶酶体直径约为不含Aβ溶酶体的2.23倍,且与Aβ和组织蛋白酶D、HBA、ACTA2和ColIV的共表达有关。在少数极端情况下,淀粉样化轴突中还可观察到轴突断裂,可能造成神经华勒氏变性的后果。因此,与淀粉样变性、溶酶体失稳和微出血相关的轴突肿大是阿尔茨海默病的主要病理障碍。这些结果表明在阿尔茨海默病神经细胞中除存在受到广泛研究的神经细胞胞体和突触缺陷外,轴突损伤和连接组破坏是阿尔茨海默病神经病变中一个非常关键的环节。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0189-0282 (Hualin Fu)

关键词: 轴突肿大, 淀粉样变性, 溶酶体失稳, , tau, 血红蛋白, 出血, Wallerian变性, 神经毡细丝, 阿尔茨海默病

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease is a multi-amyloidosis disease characterized by amyloid-β deposits in brain blood vessels, microaneurysms, and senile plaques. How amyloid-β deposition affects axon pathology has not been examined extensively. We used immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining to analyze the forebrain tissue slices of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Widespread axonal amyloidosis with distinctive axonal enlargement was observed in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. On average, amyloid-β-positive axon diameters in Alzheimer’s disease brains were 1.72 times those of control brain axons. Furthermore, axonal amyloidosis was associated with microtubule-associated protein 2 reduction, tau phosphorylation, lysosome destabilization, and several blood-related markers, such as apolipoprotein E, alpha-hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin type A1C, and hemin. Lysosome destabilization in Alzheimer’s disease was also clearly identified in the neuronal soma, where it was associated with the co-expression of amyloid-β, Cathepsin D, alpha-hemoglobin, actin alpha 2, and collagen type IV. This suggests that exogenous hemorrhagic protein intake influences neural lysosome stability. Additionally, the data showed that amyloid-β-containing lysosomes were 2.23 times larger than control lysosomes. Furthermore, under rare conditions, axonal breakages were observed, which likely resulted in Wallerian degeneration. In summary, axonal enlargement associated with amyloidosis, micro-bleeding, and lysosome destabilization is a major defect in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. This finding suggests that, in addition to the well-documented neural soma and synaptic damage, axonal damage is a key component of neuronal defects in Alzheimer’s disease.

Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid-β, amyloidosis, axonal enlargement, hemoglobin, hemorrhage, lysosome destabilization, neuropil thread, tau, Wallerian degeneration