中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2025, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (1): 242-252.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-00928

• 原著:脑损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

人脑类器官系统模拟早期神经发育并评估环境毒素的中枢神经毒性

  

  • 出版日期:2025-01-15 发布日期:1900-01-01
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFA0110300)和国家自然科学基金项目(81773302,32070862)

Establishment of human cerebral organoid systems to model early neural development and assess the central neurotoxicity of environmental toxins

Daiyu Hu1, 2, 3, 4, #, Yuanqing Cao1, 2, 3, 4, #, Chenglin Cai1, 4, Guangming Wang1, 4, Min Zhou2, 3, Luying Peng4, Yantao Fan1, 2, 3, *, Qiong Lai2, 3, *, Zhengliang Gao1, 2, 3, *   

  1. 1Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; 2Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), Shanghai University School of Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China; 3Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; 4Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
  • Online:2025-01-15 Published:1900-01-01
  • Contact: Zhengliang Gao, PhD, zhengliang_gao@tongji.edu.cn; Qiong Lai, PhD, 15079198793@163.com; Yantao Fan, PhD, fanyantao2020@gmail.com.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China, No. 2019YFA0110300 (to ZG) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Nos. 81773302 (to YF), 32070862 (to ZG).

摘要:

人类大脑的发育是复杂的,目前的动物模型存在很大的局限性。来源自胚胎干细胞或多能干细胞的三维结构,即类脑类器官,已被开发用于模拟人脑早期发育和疾病,以确定人脑的特有结构和发育轨迹。为更一致和直观地再现早期大脑发育,实验在前脑类器官培养技术融入到经典的非引导法脑类器官培养中,即只在神经上皮快速扩张期将类器官包埋到基质胶中,7d后再将类器官从基质胶中取出继续培养,从而构建出一种新型人脑类器官系统。这种系统能稳定的从时间和结构上模拟人类胚胎大脑的发育进程,包括神经上皮发生、神经祖细胞产生和维持、神经元分化及皮质分层。然后用重金属镉来验证这种新改进的类器官系统是否可用于评估环境毒素的神经毒性。结果可见,暴露于镉7和14d的大脑类器官表现出严重的损伤和神经发育紊乱,出现皮质细胞死亡和增殖异常,神经祖细胞耗竭和类器官完整性的丧失,细胞增殖具有代偿性但定位错误。这一新开发的类器官系统的便利性、灵活性和可控性可为人脑神经发育、神经和神经毒性的研究提供了一种强大且性价比更高的替代品。

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5788-4095 (Zhengliang Gao); https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2428-4197 (Qiong Lai)

关键词: 干细胞, 类器官, 皮质发育, 神经发生, 神经毒性, 环境毒素, 镉, 细胞增殖, 胞死亡, 神经祖细胞

Abstract: Human brain development is a complex process, and animal models often have significant limitations. To address this, researchers have developed pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional structures, known as brain-like organoids, to more accurately model early human brain development and disease. To enable more consistent and intuitive reproduction of early brain development, in this study, we incorporated forebrain organoid culture technology into the traditional unguided method of brain organoid culture. This involved embedding organoids in matrigel for only 7 days during the rapid expansion phase of the neural epithelium and then removing them from the matrigel for further cultivation, resulting in a new type of human brain organoid system. This cerebral organoid system replicated the temporospatial characteristics of early human brain development, including neuroepithelium derivation, neural progenitor cell production and maintenance, neuron differentiation and migration, and cortical layer patterning and formation, providing more consistent and reproducible organoids for developmental modeling and toxicology testing. As a proof of concept, we applied the heavy metal cadmium to this newly improved organoid system to test whether it could be used to evaluate the neurotoxicity of environmental toxins. Brain organoids exposed to cadmium for 7 or 14 days manifested severe damage and abnormalities in their neurodevelopmental patterns, including bursts of cortical cell death and premature differentiation. Cadmium exposure caused progressive depletion of neural progenitor cells and loss of organoid integrity, accompanied by compensatory cell proliferation at ectopic locations. The convenience, flexibility, and controllability of this newly developed organoid platform make it a powerful and affordable alternative to animal models for use in neurodevelopmental, neurological, and neurotoxicological studies.

Key words: cadmium, cell death, cell proliferation, cortical development, environmental toxins, neural progenitor cells, neurogenesis, neurotoxicology, organoids, stem cells